The two future tenses given in Hart, pp. 149-154 are simple future and the periphrastic future. The difference between these two tenses is that the simple future is used for indefinite but close future time. This can be today’s future time or a recent and future continuous time., whereas the periphrastic is used for a more remote future time. However, many authors are not that careful in their choice of the future tense.

The present tense can also be used in a continuous future sense, so that अद्य नगरं गच्छामि। can be equivalent to अद्य नगरं गमिष्यामि। “I will go to the store.”

Simple Future

The simple future is formed by adding –स्य् – or –इष्य्– to the root strengthened in the same way as the infinitive—that is, guṇating a final vowel or vowel in a light syllable—and then adding the present thematic active or middle ending depending on whether the verb is active or middle.

The simple future passive is the same as the simple future middle. Thus the simple future 3rd person singular passive for भू would be भविष्यते, but for लभ् it would be identical to the active form, लभिष्यते.

The future causative is formed by adding –इष्य्– to the causative root in –अय्– and using the active endings. Thus, दापयिष्यामि means “I will cause to give.”

The simple future can also for a participle in the same way as the present participle except using the future stem. Thus, भविष्यन्त् means “which will be” and लभिष्यमान means “which will obtain.”

Examples of the simple future active and middle, using भू and लभ् as examples, are:

Active Simple Future (Hart, p.150)

Person Singular Dual Plural
First

भविष्यामि

भविष्यावः भविष्यामः
Second

भविष्यसि

भविष्यथः भविष्यथ
Third

भविष्यति

भविष्यतः भविष्यन्ति

Middle Simple Future

Person Singular Dual Plural
First

लभिष्ये

लभिष्यावहे लभिष्यामहे
Second

लभिष्यसे

लभिष्येथे लभिष्यध्वे
Third

लभिष्यते

लभिष्येते लभिष्यन्ते

Examples of Simple Future Forms

Study to following forms of the future for the verb कृ – “do”:

  • करिष्यति – “he will do”
  • करिष्यते – “it will be done”
  • करिष्यन्ती – “she will do”
  • करिष्यमाण – “which will be done”
  • कारयिष्यति – “he will cause to do”
  • कारयिष्यते – “it will be cause to do”
  • कारयिष्यन् – “[he] who causes to do”
  • कारयिष्यमाणः – “[he] who will be caused to do.”

Periphrastic Future

The term periphrastic, which literally means “circumlocutory,” or using many words where fewer would suffice, refers to a verb form that combines two or more words to create the same meaning that a single verb or noun inflection would have. In English, examples are “of the teacher” instead of “the teacher’s” and “have a conversation” instead of “converse.” Sanskrit’s periphrastic future uses the nominative form agent noun ending in –तृ. In Sanskrit, the verb कृ “do” makes the agent noun कर्तृ “doer”, formed by adding –तृ to the strengthened stem. So the nominative singular is कर्ता. This form is the basis for the periphrastic future. It is used for the 3rd person singular. The 3rd person dual and plural, uses the nominative dual and plural forms, कर्तारौ and कर्तारः. All the other inflections are formed by combining कर्ता with the correct form of अस् “be”.

Thus, the periphrastic future in the active (जि) and middle (वृत्) is:

Active Periphrastic Future (Hart, p.150)

Person Singular Dual Plural
First

जेतास्मि

जेतास्वः जेतास्मः
Second

जेतासि

जेतास्थः जेतस्थ
Third

जेता

जेतारौ जेतारः

Middle Periphrastic Future

Person Singular Dual Plural
First

वर्तिताहे

वर्तितास्वहे वर्तितास्महे
Second

वर्तितासे

वर्तितासाथे वर्तिताध्वे
Third

वर्तिता

वर्तिारौ वर्तितारः

There is no passive form nor any participles for the periphrastic future. Its causative is formed by adding –इता, etc., to the causative stem as in कारयिता “He will cause to do.”

Uses of the Periphrastic Future

The periphrastic future is far less common than the simple future. It denotes a remote future action.

Examples of Future Forms

This table gives the root, the simple future, and the periphrastic future for verbs used in Hart’s grammar. (Hart pp.152-154):

Root Simple Future Periphrastic Future
अधि अध्येष्यते अध्येता
अस् none none
आप् आप्स्यति आप्ता
आस् आसिस्यते आसिता
अह्वे आह्वयिष्यति आह्वाता
एष्यति एता
इष् एषिष्यति एष्टा
उपगम् उपगमिष्यति उपगन्ता
कृ करिष्यति कर्ता
कॢप् कल्पिष्यते कल्पिता
क्री क्रेष्यति क्रेता
क्रीड् क्रीडिष्यति क्रीडिता
गम् गमिष्यति गन्ता
ग्रह् ग्रहीष्यति ग्रहीता
चुर् चोरयिष्यति चोरयिता
जन् जनिष्यते जनिता
जि जेष्यति जेता
जीव् जीविष्यति जीविता
ज्ञा ज्ञास्यति ज्ञाता
त्यज् त्यक्ष्यति त्यक्ता
दह् धक्ष्यति दग्धा
दा दास्यति दाता
धाव् धाविष्यति धाविता
नश् नशिस्यति / नङ्क्ष्यति नशिता
निग्रह् निग्रहीष्यति निग्रहीता
निर्दिश् निर्देक्ष्यति निर्देष्ता
नी नेष्यति नेता
पठ् पठिष्यति पठिता
पश् द्रक्ष्यति द्रष्टा
पा पास्यति पाता
पीड् पीडिष्यति पीडिता
प्रच्छ् प्रक्ष्यति प्रष्टा
प्रतीक्ष् प्रतीक्षिष्यति प्रतीक्षिता
प्रयुज् प्रयोक्ष्ये प्रयोक्ता
ब्रू none none
भू भविष्यति भविता
भृ भरिष्यति भर्ता
मन् मंस्यति मन्ता
मुच् मोक्ष्यति मोक्ता
मृ मरिष्यते मर्ता
यम् यंस्यति यन्ता
लभ् लप्स्यते लब्धा
लिख् लेखिष्यति लेखिता
वच् वक्ष्यति वक्ता
वद् वदिष्यति none
वस् वत्स्यति वस्ता
वह् वक्ष्यति वोढा
विद् none none
विधा विधास्यति / विधास्यते विधाता
विश् वेक्ष्यति वेष्टा
वृत् वर्तिष्यते वर्तिता
वृध् वर्धिष्यते वर्धिता
शंस् शंसिष्यति शंसिता
शक् शक्ष्यति शक्ता
श्रु श्रोष्यति श्रोता
सेव् सेविष्यते सेविता
स्था स्थास्यति स्थाता
स्पृश् स्प्रक्ष्यति स्प्रष्टा
स्मृ स्मरिष्यति स्मर्ता
हन् हनिष्यति हन्ता
हस् हसिष्यति हसिता
हा हास्यति हाता