Present | Imperfect | Optative | Imperative | दा and धा

Class III (3) verbs are athematic, meaning the thematic -अ- is not inserted between the stem and the endings. Class III verb stems also have a strong form and a weak form. The unique aspect of Class III verbs is that the stem is “reduplicated” or doubled following special rules. This process also occurs with perfect stems. Reduplication takes a mutated form of the stem and places it before the stem. Rules for reduplication are from Hart p. 92-93:

  1. Consonant of the reduplicating syllable is in general the first consonant of the root.
  2. An non-aspirate is substituted for an aspirate in the reduplicated syllable.
  3. A palatal (च, ज) is substituted for a guttural (क, ख, ग, घ) or ह-.
  4. If the root begins with a sibilant followed by a non-nasal stop, the reduplicated syllable is the stop, modified according to rules 2 & 3.
  5. A short vowel is use for a long vowel in the reduplicated syllable.
  6. The vowel ऋ is replaced by -इ- in the reduplicated syllable in the present system, but by -अ- for the perfect stem, which also uses reduplication.

The strong form of this class have a guṇated root vowel (in the 2nd syllable of the reduplicated form), while the weak forms have a vowel without guṇa. (p. 93)

The verbs of this class lack the -न- in the 3rd plural endings of the present and the imperative active. In the imperfect active 3rd plural, they take the ending -ुह् (-uḥ, e.g., अबिभरुः), instead of -अन्, before which the final vowel is guṇated. (Hart, p. 94)

Example Root: भृ – To bear (active/middle) : Strong form → बिभर्, Weak form → बिभृ

Present

Active

Person Singular Dual Plural
First बिभर्मि बिभृवः बिभृमः
Second बिभर्षि बिभृथः बिभृथ
Third बिभर्ति बिभृतः बिभ्रति1

1 Lacks the -न-.

Middle

Person Singular Dual Plural
First बिभ्रे बिभृवहे बिभृमहे
Second बिभृषे बिभ्राथे बिभृध्वे
Third बिभृते बिभ्राते बिभ्रते


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Imperfect

Active

Person Singular Dual Plural
First अबिभरम् अबिभृव अबिभृम
Second अबिभर् अबिभृतम् अबिभृत
Third अबिभर् अबिभृताम् अबिभरुः

Middle

Person Singular Dual Plural
First अबिभ्रि अबिभृवहि अबिभृमहि
Second अबिभृथाः अबिभ्राथाम् अबिभृध्वम्
Third अबिभृत अबिभ्राताम् अबिभ्रत


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Optative

Active

Person Singular Dual Plural
First बिभृयाम् बिभृयाव बिभृयाम
Second बिभृयाः बिभृयातम् बिभृयात
Third बिभृयात् बिभृयाताम् बिभृयुः

Middle

Person Singular Dual Plural
First बिभ्रीय बिभ्रीवहि बिभ्रीमहि
Second बिभ्रीथाः बिभ्रीयाथाम् बिभ्रीध्वम्
Third बिभ्रीत बिभ्रीयाताम् बिभ्रीरन्


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Imperative

Active

Person Singular Dual Plural
First बिभराणि बिभराव बिभराम
Second बिभृधि बिभृतम् बिभृत
Third बिभर्तु बिभृताम् बिभ्रतु1

1Lacks the -न-.

Middle

Person Singular Dual Plural
First बिभर्वै बिभरावहै बिभरामहै
Second बिभृष्व बिभ्राथाम् बिभृध्वम्
Third बिभृताम् बिभ्राताम् बिभ्रताम्


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दा and धा

The two roots दा (“give”) and धा (“place”), the commonest of the class, lose their radical vowel altogether in weak forms becoming दद्- and दध्-. Their 2nd singular imperative active forms are देहि and धेहि. In combination with त, थ, and स, the final द and ध become a त. Before त, थ, ध, and स, the aspiration of ध is thrown back on the first syllable. The inflection of धा, to place, is (Hart, p.95):

Present

Active

Person Singular Dual Plural
First दधामि दध्वः दध्मः
Second दधासि धत्थः धत्थ
Third दधाति धत्तः दधति

Middle

Person Singular Dual Plural
First दधे दध्वहे दध्महे
Second धत्से दधाथे धद्ध्वे
Third धत्ते दधाते दधते

Imperfect

Active

Person Singular Dual Plural
First अदधाम् अदध्व अदध्म
Second अदधाः अधत्तम् अधत्त
Third अदधात् अधत्ताम् अदधुः

Middle

Person Singular Dual Plural
First अदधि अदध्वहि अदध्महि
Second अधत्थाः अदधाथाम् अधद्ध्वम
Third अधत्त अदधाताम् अदधत

Optative

Active

Person Singular Dual Plural
First दध्याम् दध्याव दध्याम
Second दध्याः दध्यातम् दध्यात
Third दध्यात् दध्याताम् दध्युः

Middle

Person Singular Dual Plural
First दधीय दधीवहि दधिमहि
Second दधीथाः दधीयाथाम् दधीध्वम्
Third दधीत दधीयाताम् दधीरन्

Imperative

Active

Person Singular Dual Plural
First दधानि दधाव दधाम
Second धेहि धत्तम् धत्त
Third दधातु धत्ताम् दधतु

Middle

Person Singular Dual Plural
First दधै दधावहै दधामहै
Second धत्स्व दधाथाम् धद्ध्वम्
Third धत्ताम् दधाताम् दधताम्

 
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