Class V Verbs - Sanskrit Language Tools

Present | Imperfect | Optative | Imperative

Class V (5) verbs are athematic, meaning that no thematic -अ- is inserted between the stem and the endings. This also means it has different strong and weak forms. Strong forms add -नो- after the root; weak forms add -नु-. Similar to class 8 (VIII). Uses -नु for 2nd person singular of the imperative active. (Hart, p. 84)

Example Root: श्रु – to hear and आप् – to obtain. These take slightly different ending noted below (Hart, p. 85)

Present Tense

Present Active

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	शृणोमि	शृणुवः	शृणुमः
Second	शृणोसि	शृणुथः	शृणुथ
Third	शृणोति	शृणुतः	शृण्वन्ति / आप्नुवन्ति

Present Middle

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	शृण्वे	शृणुवहे	शृणुमहे
Second	शृणुषे	शृण्वथे	श्र्णुध्वे
Third	शृणुते	शृण्वाते	शृण्वते

Imperfect

Imperfect Active

Prefix अ- is always added just before the root after any other prefixes, employing saṃdhi rules. (Hart, p.24) The augment अ- added to the initial vowels इ-, उ-, and ऋ- coalesces to make the vṛddhi (not the guṇa) of the second element, that is, ऐ-, ऊ-, आर-. (Hart, p.78)

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	अशृणवम्	अशृणुव	अशृणुम
Second	अशृणोः	अशृणुतम्	अशृणुत
Third	अशृणोत्	अशृणुताम्	अशृण्वन् / आप्नुवन्

Imperfect Middle

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	अशृण्वि	अशृणुवहि	अशृणुमहि
Second	अशृणुथाः	अशृण्वाथाम्	अशृणुध्वम्
Third	अशृणुत	अशृण्वाताम्	अशृण्वत

Optative

Optative expresses wish (“may he…”), request (“would you?”), what is desirable or proper (“they should”), and what may occur (“it might…”). (Hart, p. 51).

Optative Active

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	शृणुयाम्	शृणुयाव	शृणुयाम
Second	शृणुयाः	शृणुयातम्	शृणुयात
Third	शृणुयात्	शृणुयाताम्	शृणुयुः

Optative Middle

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	शृण्वीय	शृण्वीवहि	शृण्वीमहि
Second	शृण्वीथाः	शृण्वीयाथाम्	शृण्वीध्वम्
Third	शृण्वीत	शृण्वीयाताम्	शृण्वीरन्

Imperative

Imperative Active

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	शृणवानि	शृणवाव	शृणवाम
Second	शृणु	शृणुतम्	शृणुत
Third	शृणोतु	शृणुताम्	शृण्वन्तु / आप्नुवन्तु

Imperative Middle

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	शृणवै	शृणवाहै	शृणवामहै
Second	शृणुष्व	शृण्वाथाम्	शृणुध्वम्
Third	शृणुताम्	शृण्वाताम्	शृण्वताम्