Class X Verbs

Class X (10) verbs are thematic, meaning the thematic -अ- is inserted between the stem and the endings. It also means that the stem does not change for strong versus weak endings, as is the case for athematic verbs. For Class X verbs, -अय- is added to the root, which is guṇated in a light syllable and unchanged in a heavy syllable. A light syllable is one where a short vowel is followed by no or one consonant; a heavy syllable has either a long vowel or a short vowel followed by two or more consonants. Medial -अ- is often vṛddhied.(Hart p. 3) Thus:

• चुर् → चोरायति,
• तड् → ताडयति,
• but पीड् → पीडयति

Example Root: पीड् = squeeze, afflict, hurt.

Present Tense

Present Active

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	पीडयामि	पीडयावः	पीडयामः
Second	पीडयसि	पीडयथः	पीडयथ
Third	पीडयति	पीडयतः	पीदयन्ति

Present Middle

Example Root: लभ् = acquire, obtain

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	पीडये	पीडयावहे	पीडयामहे
Second	पीडयसे	पीडयेथे	पीडयध्वे
Third	पीडयते	पीडयेते	पीडयन्ते

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Imperfect

Imperfect Active

Prefix अ- is always added just before the root after any other prefixes, employing saṃdhi rules. (Hart, p.24) The augment अ- added to the initial vowels इ-, उ-, and ऋ- coalesces to make the vṛddhi (not the guṇa) of the second element, that is, ऐ-, ऊ-, आर-. (Hart, p.78)

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	अपीडयम्	अपीडयाव	अपीडयाम
Second	अपीडयः	अपीडयतम्	अपीडयत
Third	अपीडयत्	अपीडयताम्	अपीडयन्

Imperfect Middle

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	अपीडये	अपीडयावहि	अपीडयामहि
Second	अपीडयथा:	अपीडयेथाम्	अपीडयध्वम्
Third	अपीडयत	अपीडयेताम्	अपीडयन्त

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Optative

Optative expresses wish (“may he…”), request (“would you?”), what is desirable or proper (“they should”), and what may occur (“it might…”). (Hart, p. 51).

Optative Active

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	पीडयेयम्	पीडयेव	पीडयेम
Second	पीडयेः	पीडयेतम्	पीडयेत
Third	पीडयेत्	पीडयेताम्	पीडयेयुः

Optative Middle

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	पीडयेय	पीडयेवहि	पीडयेमहि
Second	पीडयेथाः	पीडयेयाथाम्	पीडयेध्वम्
Third	पीडयेत	पीडयेयाताम्	पीडयेरन्

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Imperative

The imperative is the command tense. In English, it is only found in the 2nd person: “Go home!”, “Do your homework”, and “Beat them!” However, Sanskrit uses it for all persons and numbers. In the 1st and 3rd person it can be translated as “may” and “let” respectively, such as “May I always be kind!” and “Let them always find happiness!”

Imperative Active

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	पीडयानि	पीडयाव	पीडयाम
Second	पीडय	पीडयतम्	पीडयत
Third	पीडयतु	पीडयताम्	पीडयन्तु

Imperative Middle

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
First	पीडयै	पीडयावहै	पीडयामहै
Second	पीडयस्व	पीडयेथाम्	पीडयध्वम्
Third	पीडयताम्	पीडयेताम्	पीडयन्ताम्

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